Biohydrometallurgical Recovery of Critical Metals from E-Waste: Recent Advances, Technology Readiness, and Future Perspectives

The rapid increase in the production and consumption of electronic and electrical equipment has resulted in a significant global increase in electronic waste (e-waste). This complex waste stream has valuable rare earth elements, precious metals, and base metals, positioning it as an important secondary resource for the recovery of critical metals. With proper extraction and recovery technologies, e-waste presents a…

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